Understanding Kidney Health: Physiology, Diagnostic Markers, and Pathological Conditions

Abstract

The kidney is a vital organ responsible for several essential functions, including waste elimination, fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, and hormone production. Structurally, it consists of the cortex and medulla, with nephrons as the fundamental functional units responsible for plasma filtration and homeostasis maintenance. The kidney plays a crucial role in metabolic processes, with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as a key indicator of renal function. Various biochemical markers, such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, sodium, and potassium, are used to assess kidney health and diagnose potential disorders. Kidney stone formation, a common disorder, results from the supersaturation of minerals in urine, leading to different types of calculi such as calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite stones. Advanced diagnostic techniques, including imaging and biochemical assays, aid in assessing kidney health and guiding treatment strategies. Understanding kidney physiology and pathology is crucial for the early detection, management, and prevention of renal diseases.